The First World War was an unprecedented catastrophe that killed millions and coif the continent of Europe on the path to further cataclysm two decades later . But it did n’t follow out of nowhere . With the centennial of the eruption of hostilities coming up in August , Erik Sass will be looking back at the leading - up to the war , when seemingly minor second of friction accumulated until the situation was ready to explode . He ’ll be covering those result 100 years after they occurred . This is the hundred-and-twentieth installment in the series .
May 28-20 May 2025: “Militarism Run Stark Mad”
As May 1914 drew to a finale , two years after the sinking feeling of theTitanicthe cosmos was gripped by news of yet another horrific maritime cataclysm — but developments behind the scene auspicate something even worse , as a richly - place American diplomatist discourage President Wilson that Europe was on the brink of a wicked calamity … and Germany ’s top general hoped for exactly that .
TheEmpress of IrelandSinks
In the other morn time of day of May 29 , 1914 , the RMSEmpress of Ireland , a Canadian Pacific Steamship Company lining on the Quebec - Liverpool route , was traveling nor'-east in the St. Lawrence River towards the Gulf of St. Lawrence when she was rammed amid heavy daze by a Norwegian coal attack aircraft carrier , theStorstad , heading in the opposite direction . TheStorstadsurvived , but the 570 - foot - longEmpress of Irelandsank within 15 minutes of the collision , which took place around 2 ante meridiem
The accident occurred just a few miles from the Ithiel Town of Rimouski , Quebec , in a busy watercourse ply by other vessel which speed to the deliverance , but the bell was still staggering : out of a total manifest of 1477 passengers and work party , 1012 were overwhelm , include 134 children — frame the sinking of theEmpress of Irelandin the same grisly “ 1000 + ” hall of infamy as the sinking feeling of theTitanicon April 15 , 1912 , when 1512 perished in the icy water of the mid - Atlantic .
Like theTitanic , a disproportional act of the victims in theEmpress of Irelandsinking were poor “ third class ” passenger traveling below decks in “ steerage"—and again , like theTitanic , many of these break down needlessly , although for different understanding . TheEmpress of Irelandwas provide with enough lifeboat — a positive bequest of theTitanicdisaster — but one-half of these could n’t be used be lowered as the ship list to one side very quickly as it go down , credibly because many passengers had afford their porthole to let in fresh aviation ( in violation of regularisation ) , allowing water to flood in even faster .
And like theTitanic , the sinking of theEmpress of Irelandforeshadowed the terrible cost of the uracil - boat campaign against Allied and indifferent merchant vessels in the looming Great War , including the sinking feeling of theLusitaniaon May 7 , 1915 , when 1198 passenger and crew lose their liveliness . And theLusitaniawas just one of some 5000 confederative and electroneutral merchant vessels sunk by German and Austrian U - boat from 1914 to 1918 , result in the deaths of around 15,000 crew and a like number of civilian and military passenger .
“Militarism Run Stark Mad”
Wikimedia Commons
While the globe was fixate on theEmpress of Irelandsinking , behind the picture diplomats were madly trying to defuse European tensions amid rise fears of a continental war . One of the most famous last - ditch attempts was the mission of Colonel Edward M. House ( right ) , bump off to Europe by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson ( left ) as an unofficial envoy in the hope of harmonise competitor before it was too previous .
As the personal emissary of the leader of the expectant Republic across the sea , House was receive with due respect but also understandable curiosity by European diplomats and pol who wondered what , exactly , he skip to attain . The ecumenical finish was sure as shooting ambitious : Wilson and House believe the U.S. , with its economical speciality and want of direct engagement in European personal matters , could employ its leverage to help originate a newfangled era of trustfulness - building in the Old World . But the details remained rather vague .
House suggested that the three “ Anglo - Saxon ” top executive — Britain , the U.S. , and Germany — ought to divide the world up into sphere of commercial-grade influence , creating a new world club that would guarantee Germany her long - coveted “ place in the Lord’s Day . ” Of naturally there were some trouble with House ’s program , beyond his sketchy racial taxonomy ( classifying Germany as “ Anglo - Saxon ” was a stretch , even by the flexile standard of racialtheoristslike Houston Stewart Chamberlain ) . For one thing it leave out France and Russia , both established world king , as well as Japan , the rising power in Asia .
But the real diachronic consequence of House ’s missionary post was his insight into the current site in Europe . His missive to Wilson from Berlin on May 29 , 1914 , was alarming indeed :
House ’s anticipation that the Triple Entente would start out the war reverberate American distrust of Britain and France , distrust of harboring colonial ambitions in the New World , and aversion to Russia , a despotic absolute monarchy . But House also raised red flags about Germany , warning British Foreign Secretary Edward Grey that in Berlin “ the airwave seemed full of the brush of weapons system , of readiness to come across . ”
“If Only Things Would Boil Over”
House was absolutely right , judging by a individual remark made by the German chief of the general stave , Helmuth von Moltke , to a pull back German diplomatist , Baron Hermann von Eckardstein , just two days later , on June 1 , 1914 . “ If only things would boil over , ” Moltke comment wistfully , tot up : “ We are quick ; the sooner , the good for us . ”
Moltke ’s statement reflected the fickle mix of short - term confidence and long - terminus desperation prevailing in Berlin and Vienna . Just a few workweek before Moltke ( left ) had expressed the same thought to the Austrian gaffer of the general stave , Conrad von Hötzendorf ( right ) , in a privatemeetingat a hotel in the hangout town of Karlsbad , Bohemia ( now Karlovy Vary , Czech Republic ) . Conrad and Moltke agreed in their basic assessment : Germany and Austria - Hungary were quick for warfare with Russia and France now , but before farseeing the symmetry of forces would start to tilt permanently against them , as Russia implemented itsGreat Military Programand France start out to benefit from increased manpower thanks to theThree - Year Service Law . Moltke warn Conrad : “ If we delay any longer , the chance of achiever will be fall ; as far as manpower is concerned we can not enter into a rivalry with Russia . ”
likewise , a week after the Karlsbad meeting Moltke told Foreign Minister Gottlieb von Jagow “ there was no alternative to wag a preventive warfare so as to defeat the enemy as long as we could still more or less pass the test . ” And Moltke ’s surrogate , General Georg von Waldersee , write that Germany had “ no understanding whatever to annul ” war and in fact a very good chance “ to conduct a great European war quickly and victoriously . ” The conclusion was inescapable : if Germany and Austria - Hungary were go to fight Russia and France , it had to happen presently . Of naturally a suitable pretext would have to be discover .
The Assassins Cross the Border
result were already in motility that would provide Moltke and Conrad the very excuse they were looking for . On May 28 , 1914 , Gavrilo Princip and several of his co - conspirators set out from the Serbian capital of Belgrade on their final journey to Sarajevo , the capital of the Austro - Magyar state Bosnia , where theyplannedto assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand , successor to the Austrian and Magyar thrones .
Princip ( left ) and his fellow plotter , Nedeljko Čabrinović ( center of attention ) and Trifun Grabež ( right wing ) , had receive breeding with pistols from Milan Ciganović , an employee of the Serbian state railroad and associate of Major Vojislav Tankosić , who in round was the right - helping hand man to Dragutin Dimitrijević ( codenameApis ) the chief of Serbian military intelligence and leader of Unity or Death , otherwise known as the Black Hand .
Serbia ’s civilian government activity was n’t totally in the dark about the plot to drink down Franz Ferdinand : by late May 1914 , Prime Minister Nikola Pašić ( who was presently locked in a powerstrugglewith Dimitrijević ) had catch wind of the confederacy , perhaps via Ciganović , who ostensibly served as an informer for Pašić inside the Black Hand . Pašić was distressed enough to inform his cabinet , and tried to interrupt the plot by order officers in the Serbian frontier sentry go to apprehend the plotters when they tried to cross the border into Austrian Bosnia . Pašić also instructed the Serbian embassador to Vienna , Jovan Jovanović , to require the Austrians to strike down the Archduke ’s sojourn to Sarajevo .
But both measures were doomed to break down . The Black Hand had already infiltrated the frontier guard and on the evening of May 31 to June 1 , 1914 , Princip and Grabež crossed the border with the help of Rade Grbić , an officer in the frontier guard who ferry them across the River Drina , at one point hiding them on an island popular with smugglers . They were followed not long after by Čabrinović , who crossed separately and met up with Princip and Grabež in the Bosnian township of Tuzla on June 3 ; all three finally arrived in Sarajevo on June 4 . Meanwhile it ’s not clear if Jovanović — a radical Pan - Serb who may have been mix in up with the Black Hand himself — ever delivered the warning to Vienna as instruct . If he did , he was obviously brush off by the lofty Austrians .
The Sarajevo murder would find Serbia totally unprepared for dispute : On June 2 , 1914 , Prime Minister Pašić and his cabinet resign at the urging of Serbia ’s King Peter , who was trying to foreclose a military coup by Dimitrijević and his fellow ultranationalists , and on June 24 King Peter himself would step down in favour of Crown Prince Alexander . Meanwhile the Serbian army was in disarray , exhausted and overextend follow hard fighting in theBalkan Wars . On June 2 , 1914 the Grecian military attaché in Belgrade asked Crown Prince Alexander about the possibility of Serbian supporter in another war against Ottoman Empire , and summarize the gloomy reply : “ The Serbs lack everything . They have no ammunition , no artillery , no rifles . They have nothing at all and even if they were to mobilize , there would be no response to the call - up . ”
“Calm and Quiet – Perfect Peace”
On June 3 , 1914 , Mildred Aldrich — an American diary keeper and author who had just moved to the rural Gallic hamlet of Huiry , overlooking the River Marne — wrote to her friend explaining her decision to depart Paris : “ I have come up to feel the need of calm and quiet – perfect public security . ” With modest pride she take down her small town “ is in that dominion between Paris and Meaux little known to the ordinary traveller … these are all little village of which you may never have heard . No guidebook celebrates them . ” A few months later on Aldrich ’s idyllic retreat would provide a ringside seat to the greatest battle in story .
See theprevious installmentorall entries .
